Przemysł „xinchuang”: szybko, coraz szybciej
Termin „xinchuang” jest stosunkowo nowy w Chinach. Katalizatorem przyspieszenia rozwoju tego przemysłu był Donald Trump, jego blokady i groźby blokad sprzedaży do Chin produktów pochodzących od takich amerykańskich firm jak Microsoft, Google czy Intel. Wisząca nad światem kolejna duża wojna dodatkowo podsyciła w Państwie Środka potrzebę technologicznej niezależności.

Chińscy integratorzy systemów zyskali nowy, lukratywny rynek.
Bezpieczeństwo i wiarygodność
W roku 2013 wybuchła afera z podsłuchami NSA i systemem PRISM. Unaoczniła ona wszystkim jak ważna jest kontrola nad kluczowymi elementami infrastruktury teleinformatycznej. Dziury w zabezpieczeniach w sieci i „tylne drzwi” w oprogramowaniu mogą stać się nową bronią w konfliktach między państwami. Systemy informatyczne państwa mogą stać się ofiarami ataków hakerskich.
Dlatego przyszłość rynku „zlokalizowanego” to niewątpliwie oferowanie produktów zwiększających bezpieczeństwo i niezawodność w kluczowych obszarach. Rozwiązania programowe i sprzętowe będą ewoluować ku systemom holistycznym. Przykładem może być budowanie systemów zarządzania obiegiem dokumentów w firmie, wykorzystujących mikroprocesor krajowej produkcji (np. Loongson), system operacyjny (np. Kylin OS) i bazę danych (np. Dameng). Rozwój firm działających na wciąż udoskonalanych platformach zbudowanych z wiarygodnych, chińskich produktów, wraz z rozwojem nowoczesnych technologii, takich jak przetwarzanie w chmurze, Internet Rzeczy, sztuczna inteligencja czy Big Data, dobrze rokuje rozwojowi przemysłu „xinchuang”.
Jedną z takich dynamicznie rozwijających się dziedzin jest przetwarzanie w chmurze. Posiadanie systemów budowanych w oparciu o krajowe rozwiązania stanowi historyczną szansę dla Chin, by prześcignąć w tym zakresie standardy międzynarodowe. Na rynku prężnie działają takie firmy jak Alibaba Cloud, Tencent Cloud, China Mobile, Inspur Cloud i wiele innych. Oferują one usługi w chmurze dla administracji rządowej na każdym szczeblu – czasami nazywając je „rządową chmurą”. Usługi te bazują na serwerach, procesorach i systemach operacyjnych produkcji krajowej.
Rynek rozwiązań w chmurze dla administracji państwowej jest istotnym impulsem napędowym dla rozwiązań bazujących na produkcji krajowej. Na przykład integratorzy systemów zyskali nowy lukratywny rynek – oferowanie zintegrowanych rozwiązań dla agend rządowych. Łączą one w sobie usługi w chmurze z systemami bezpieczeństwa, tworząc środowisko do wdrażania rządowych usług cyfrowych dla obywateli.
Swoją drogą, integratorzy systemów zajmują pozycję na ryku IT ze względu na duże możliwości znajdowania rozwiązań sprzętowych i programowych spełniających wymagania klientów. Obecnie na rynku usług integracyjnych dla administracji państwowej liczyło się tylko 10 najważniejszych integratorów, na przykład Inspur. Wraz ze wzrostem zapotrzebowania na rozwiązania bazujące na krajowej produkcji pojawili się nowi gracze, tacy jak Linewell Software i China Telecom. Również firmy, które nie są integratorami per se, takie jak Huawei, Alibaba, czy China Mobile, mają możliwości oferowania systemów przeznaczonych dla administracji.
Przy czym usługi w chmurze rodzą pytanie, czy preferować model infrastruktury rozproszonej, czy scentralizowanej. Na przykład Alibaba Cloud przechowuje dane w systemach rozproszonych po całym kraju, ale rząd woli przechowywać dane na swoich własnych serwerach, dlatego też Alibaba Cloud tworzy specjalne usługi w chmurze dla poszczególnych agend rządowych bez dostępu do powszechnie oferowanej platformy Alibaba Cloud.
Przemysłowy łańcuch logistyczny
Według oficjalnych statystyk w chińskiej administracji rządowej pracuje 13 milionów osób, a w spółkach państwowych kolejne 26 milionów. Daje to zatem zapotrzebowanie na sprzęt i oprogramowanie produkowane lokalnie na poziomie 40 milionów sztuk. Zgodnie z wymaganiami programu „Lokalizacja 2022 dla Kluczowych Obszarów”, roczna produkcja w najlepszym przypadku osiągnie w tym roku poziom 10 milionów sztuk.
Zobaczmy, jak to się przekłada na wielkość rynku dla przemysłu „xinchuang”. Skoncentrujmy się tylko na komputerach, serwerach i oprogramowaniu. Przyjmijmy koszt komputera osobistego na 10 tysięcy juanów, serwera na 50 tysięcy juanów, a licencji na oprogramowanie na 3 tysiące juanów. Jeśli rząd zamówi „tylko” 500 tysięcy komputerów osobistych, tyle samo licencji i 50 tysięcy serwerów, to daje nam w sumie 9 miliardów juanów.
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Powinniśmy w Europie jak najszybciej powołać swój Komitet Roboczy ds. Wdrażania Innowacyjnych Technologii Teleinformatycznych. Chińczycy zrobili to już sześć lat temu. „Lokalizacja” produkcji to nie tylko kwestia bezpieczeństwa, ale przede wszystkim możliwość stanięcia w szranki konkurencji na polu szeroko pojętych rozwiązań IT, zarówno w sferze oprogramowania, jak i sprzętowej. Mnie już od pewnego czasu nie daje spokoju myśl: załóżmy, że na tronie w Waszyngtonie zasiada dziś Turbo-Trump, który niespecjalnie wnika w detale, tylko robi tak, jak sobie umyśli. I ten Trump-Turbo zechce zmusić Europę do uległości. I stosując prostackie metody odetnie Europę od usług GPS, Google, Facebook, Twitter, odetnie dostęp do serwerów etc. Na tydzień, albo na dwa, no bo kto mu zabroni? Jaki dziś Europa ma „plan B” na taką okoliczność? Chińczycy wyczuli pismo nosem już dawno temu. I mają. Rozwiązania wprawdzie słabsze od tych proponowanych przez światowych liderów, głównie w obszarze procesorów i zaawansowanych komponentów półprzewodnikowych, ale mają. I dokładnie wedle patentu opisanego powyżej organizują każdy obszar działalności państwa. Bo w 2035 Chiny chcą być bardzo samodzielne, a w 2050 samodzielne w pełni…
Producenci sprzętu, czyli nie tylko Lenovo
Dzielą się na dwie podstawowe kategorie: producenci komputerów osobistych i serwerów. Nazwy, które warto znać to: Sugon, Lenovo, China Greatwall Technology Group, a także Inspur. Ponieważ ci producenci bazują na preinstalowanych komponentach, takich jak mikroprocesor, system operacyjny czy też pakiet oprogramowania używany przez docelowego klienta, to wymagania ze strony administracji rządowej będą napędzały ich nacisk na lokalnych producentów tych preinstalowanych komponentów, pobudzając tym samym rozwój rynku.
Oczywiście najważniejszy podstawowy element infrastruktury IT stanowią mikroprocesory, ponieważ ekosystem oprogramowania bazuje na ich architekturze. Obecnie na rynku chińskim mamy trzy główne typy mikroprocesorów: MIPS (Loongson), ARM (Feiteng) i x86 (Zhaoxin). Są również inne rodzaje, które nie uzyskały na razie statusu bezpiecznych i wiarygodnych, takie jak Huawei Kylin ARM i Alpha (Sunway).
Natomiast w przypadku systemów operacyjnych mamy do czynienia z sytuacją, w której te chińskie bazują na dystrybucji open-source Linuxa. Chociaż jest mniej popularny na świecie niż Windows, to jednak bardziej bezpieczny, ponieważ daje chińskim twórcom oprogramowania lepszą kontrolę nad kodem źródłowym. Popularnymi na chińskim rynku systemami operacyjnymi są NeoKylin oraz Tianjin Kylin (lokalne firmy dostarczające usługi w chmurach muszą je dostosować do współpracy z systemem operacyjnym Kylin).
W Chinach oferowanych jest ponadto kilka pakietów lokalnej produkcji wspierających pracę biurową. W przypadku tworzenia dokumentów prym wiedzie WPS, a jeśli chodzi o przeglądanie i zarządzanie dokumentami to działają tacy dostawcy, jak: Beijing Shuke, Foxit Reader i Aisino International. O podpisy elektroniczne dbają natomiast takie podmioty, jak Esign, Sursen Digital oraz Kinggrid.
Podobne wywiady i felietony
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Chińcyki trzymają się mocno?
Czy Chiny się „zamykają”? Czy jesteśmy świadkami końca globalizacji? Czy Stany Zjednoczone skutecznie „powstrzymają”, a według bardziej radykalnych amerykańskich polityków „okulawią” Chiny? Czy może – jak chce tego jeden z komentatorów w mediach społecznościowych – komunizm zawsze kończy się katastrofą, trzeba tylko trochę poczekać?
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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_password is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_content_filtered is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$guid is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$menu_order is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_mime_type is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$comment_count is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$filter is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$image_meta is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$_wp_attachment_metadata is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_date_gmt is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$comment_status is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$ping_status is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_password is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_name is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$to_ping is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$pinged is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_modified is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_modified_gmt is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_content_filtered is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$guid is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$menu_order is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_mime_type is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$comment_count is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$filter is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Chiny czerwone czy zielone?
Dokonując inwestycji w OZE na gigantyczną skalę, Chiny osiągają efekt skali w produkcji. Już teraz koszty wytwarzania paneli słonecznych w Chinach są 35 proc. niższe niż w Europie, a za chwilę podobnie będzie z turbinami wiatrowymi.
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$image_meta is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_password is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_name is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$comment_status is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_content_filtered is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$post_mime_type is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$comment_count is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Image::$filter is deprecated in /home/sarotaq/crn/wp-content/plugins/timber-library/lib/Core.php on line 71
Duszenie konsumpcji i eksportu: w co grają Chiny?
W świecie przyjmuje się, że Chiny wprowadziły strategię zero-covid ze względów zdrowotnych. A jeśli to strategia gospodarcza?