Kryzys na Ukrainie. Grozi podwyżka cen czipów
Napięcie wokół Ukrainy może wpłynąć na dostawy gazu do produkcji półprzewodników i spowodować wzrost cen.

Odcięcie dostaw z Ukrainy może narobić jeszcze większych problemów na rynku czipów – wynika z analizy.
Choć Ukraina jest daleko od najważniejszych fabryk półprzewodników, groźba wojny na wschodzie może jeszcze bardziej podnieść ceny czipów – w ocenie TrendForce.
Otóż Ukraina jest głównym dostawcą surowców gazowych wykorzystywanych w produkcji półprzewodników, w tym neonu, argonu, kryptonu i ksenonu. Nasz wschodni sąsiad odpowiada za prawie 70 proc. światowych dostaw neonu.
Wprawdzie udział neonu wykorzystywanego w procesach półprzewodnikowych nie jest duży, ale jest on w nich niezbędny. Jeśli dostawy materiałów z Ukrainy zostaną odcięte, będzie to miało wpływ na całą branżę – ostrzega TrendForce.
Braki nie zatrzymają produkcji, ale zwiększą ceny
Analitycy uspokajają natomiast, że fabryki półprzewodników i dostawcy gazu do ich produkcji mają zapasy, a ponadto mogą liczyć na import z innych regionów.
Tym samym przerwy w zaopatrzeniu z Ukrainy nie spowodują zatrzymania linii produkcyjnych półprzewodników w krótkim okresie. Jednak ograniczenie dostaw neonu prawdopodobnie doprowadzi do wzrostu jego cen, co może zwiększyć koszt produkcji wafli – uważają analitycy.
Według innych źródeł w razie odcięcia importu z Ukrainy neon podrożeje nawet o ok. 600 proc.
Gaz niezbędny do czipów
Gazy obojętne są używane głównie w procesach litografii półprzewodnikowej, gdy do obróbki elementów poniżej 220 nm wykorzystywane są lasery excimerowe.
Mieszanka gazów wymagana w laserze excimerowym DUV (głęboki ultrafiolet) zawiera neon. Jest on niezbędny i trudny do zastąpienia. Proces litografii półprzewodnikowej, który wymaga neonu, to przede wszystkim ekspozycja na DUV. Obejmuje węzły od 8-calowego wafla 180 nm do 12-calowego 1Xnm.
Jeśli chodzi o odlewnie (foundry) to globalna zdolność produkcyjna w zakresie od 180 do 1X nm stanowi ok. 75 proc. ich całkowitych mocy wytwórczych. Za wyjątkiem TSMC i Samsunga w większości fabryk udział przychodów z 180~1X nm przekracza 90 proc.
Ponadto procesy produkcyjne komponentów, których podaż jest wyjątkowo niska, jak PMIC, Wi-Fi, RFIC i MCU, mieszczą się w zakresie węzłów 180~1X nm. Więcej niż 90 proc. produkcji DRAM wkorzystuje proces DUV, oraz 100 proc. NAND flash.
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