Problematyczna ulga dla IT: IP Box
Z obniżonych stawek 5 proc. PIT i CIT mogą korzystać twórcy programów komputerowych. Jednak przepisy nie są jednoznaczne.

Ulga IP Box (Innovation Box) pozwala skorzystać z preferencyjnej stawki 5 proc. PIT i CIT od dochodów osiąganych z tzw. kwalifikowanych praw własności intelektualnej, w tym m.in. z praw autorskich do programu komputerowego. O niższą daninę mogą ubiegać się twórcy, jak również osoby, które są współwłaścicielami lub też posiadaczami praw do korzystania np. z programu na podstawie umowy licencyjnej.
Kłopot polega na tym, że w prawie autorskim nie ma definicji programu komputerowego, oprogramowania, aplikacji czy gry komputerowej. Próżno szukać jej również w dyrektywie 2009/24/WE w sprawie ochrony prawnej programów komputerowych – zauważa kancelaria Chałas i Wspólnicy.
Aby korzystać z ulgi, niezbędne jest prowadzenie działalności badawczo-rozwojowej bezpośrednio związanej z wytworzeniem, rozwinięciem lub ulepszeniem prawa własności intelektualnej. Trzeba pamiętać, aby prowadzić ewidencję działań B&R. Co istotne, uprawnieni mogą odebrać ulgę dopiero w rozliczeniu rocznym podatku, a nie od bieżących umów.
Programy komputerowe a IP Box
Zgodnie z art. 74 ust. 1 Ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych program komputerowy podlega tym samym zasadom ochrony jak utwór literacki (z pewnymi włączeniami właściwymi dla samych programów komputerowych).
W praktyce ochrona dotyczy kodu źródłowego. Zdarza się jednak, że różnicuje się status różnych komponentów programu komputerowego, gry czy aplikacji. W ten sposób wskazuje się, że trzeba oddzielić warstwę programu, zwaną silnikiem opartą na pracy informatyków, od takich komponentów jak muzyka czy grafika, które podlegają ochronie jako utwory, ale nie jako programy komputerowe – zauważa Chałas i Wspólnicy.
To czy dany utwór zostanie zakwalifikowany jako program komputerowy, jest decydujące dla skorzystania z preferencyjnej 5 proc. stawki podatku. W przypadku gier czy aplikacji istnieją spore wątpliwości, które z kosztów lub dochodów mogą być rozliczane według omawianej stawki. Trzeba jednak mieć na uwadze, że oprogramowanie jest nierozerwalną częścią sprzedawanych produktów (w szczególności gier komputerowych czy innych aplikacji) – stwierdza kancelaria.
Ekspert wskazuje interpretację.
"Można próbować mówić o specyficznym stopieniu/zespoleniu/integracji, w ramach pojęcia oprogramowania czy gry komputerowej, takich elementów jak: kod źródłowy, kod wynikowy, instrukcje, opis procedur operacyjnych, zestawienie danych w informacjach konwersacyjnych i dialogowych, a także interfejs. Po przeanalizowaniu dostępnych na rynku produktów, ale także orzecznictwa, można wysnuć tezę, że interfejs (także graficzny czy muzyczny) w rzeczywistości „odbija” to, co wynika z kodu źródłowego." – twierdzi Joanna Uchańska, partner w kancelarii Chałas i Wspólnicy.
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Ulga IP Box. Wyrok WSA nie jest tak straszny, jak się wydaje
Programiści pracujący w zespole nadal mają prawo do ulgi IP Box – zapewnia Pravna.pl, nawiązując do wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego w Poznaniu.
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Przełomowy wyrok ws. IP-Box
Sukces w sporze z fiskusem. NSA wydał korzystną decyzję ws. IP-Box.