Łatwiej będzie unieważnić umowy?
Nowy przepis ma lepiej chronić konsumentów, ale może otworzyć furtkę nieuczciwym kontrahentom - wynika z opinii.

Nowelizacja z założenia ma ułatwić unieważnienie rażąco niekorzystnej umowy.
Resort sprawiedliwości przygotował projekt nowelizacji art. 388 kodeksu cywilnego (Wyzysk), który ma chronić przed nadużyciami słabszą stronę umowy.
Przepis mówi o wyzyskaniu przymusowego położenia, niedołęstwa, niedoświadczenia kontrahenta – gdy z tych powodów umowa jest rażąco niekorzystna, można domagać odpowiedniej modyfikacji świadczenia, a jeśli to jest niemożliwe, unieważnienia umowy.
Unieważnienie kontraktu może być pierwszą opcją
Ministerstwo dorzuca do wymienionych trzech okoliczności wyzysku także brak rozeznania kontrahenta. Unieważnienie umowy może też być pierwszą z wybranych opcji. Wydłużono czas, gdy można zwrócić się do sądu w tej sprawie (teraz są na to dwa lata).
Co istotne, nowy art. 388 kc ma objąć nie tylko nowe, lecz także już zawarte umowy (o ile nie doszło do przedawnienia). Przyjmuje się również, że gdy wartość świadczenia jednej ze stron jest dwukrotnie wyższa niż kontrahenta, tzn. przewyższa je rażąco.
Będą zrywać franczyzy i nie płacić długów?
Nowelizacja ma chronić przede wszystkim osoby starsze przed nieuczciwymi telemarketerami, sprzedawcami garnków czy wciskaniem chwilówek. Może mieć jednak zastosowanie także dla umów B2B, takich jak franczyza.
Według MondayNews zdaniem ekspertów komentujących projekt interesy kontrahentów wystarczająco chroni ustawa o przeciwdziałaniu nieuczciwym praktykom rynkowym.
Ryszard Kalisz (adwokat i były minister) ostrzega, że nowelizacja może nieść negatywne skutki dla biznesu i pewności obrotu gospodarczego. Jego zdaniem stwarza ryzyko nadużyć i może być pomocą dla nieuczciwych kontrahentów w unikaniu realizacji umów i spłacaniu długów.
Z kolei Marek Niczyporuk z kancelarii Ars Aequi zwraca uwagę, że umowę będzie można próbować unieważnić w ciągu 6 lat od jej zawarcia, co znacznie wydłuża niepewność co do trwałości stosunku prawnego.
W jego ocenie lepszym rozwiązaniem chroniącym konsumentów jest wydłużenie czasu na odstąpienie od umowy zawartej poza lokalem przedsiębiorstwa (obecnie jest to 14 dni).
Swoją drogą w przygotowaniu są przepisy wydłużające ten czas do 30 dni dla umów zawartych w trakcie wycieczek, których celem jest sprzedaż lub promocja produktów oraz przy okazji nieumówionej wizyty w domu konsumenta.
Ministerstwo: poszkodowani przegrywali
Rzecznik resortu sprawiedliwości przekonuje natomiast, że nowelizacja daje poszkodowanym możliwość żądania unieważnienia „rażąco niekorzystnej” umowy.
Ministerstwo argumentuje, że sądy często oddalały powództwa oparte o obecnie obowiązujący przepis. Podaje m.in. przykład umowy między przedsiębiorcami, z których jeden zażądał od drugiego uiszczania comiesięcznej opłaty za rzekomo wykonaną usługę – według „Dziennika Gazety Prawnej”. Przedsiębiorca był pod ścianą. Współpraca z firmą, która z nim tak pogrywała, była warunkiem przetrwania jego biznesu. Poszedł do sądu w tej sprawie, ale poniósł porażkę.
Art. 388 kc [Wyzysk] – obecne brzmienie
§ 1.
Jeżeli jedna ze stron, wyzyskując przymusowe położenie, niedołęstwo lub niedoświadczenie drugiej strony, w zamian za swoje świadczenie przyjmuje albo zastrzega dla siebie lub dla osoby trzeciej świadczenie, którego wartość w chwili zawarcia umowy przewyższa w rażącym stopniu wartość jej własnego świadczenia, druga strona może żądać zmniejszenia swego świadczenia lub zwiększenia należnego jej świadczenia, a w wypadku gdy jedno i drugie byłoby nadmiernie utrudnione, może ona żądać unieważnienia umowy.
§ 2.
Uprawnienia powyższe wygasają z upływem lat dwóch od dnia zawarcia umowy.
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