Klęska estońskiego CIT w Polsce
Były szumne zapowiedzi, ale estoński CIT w Polsce został tak twórczo przekształcony, że z pierwowzoru została tylko nazwa. Podatek okazał się zbyt skomplikowany dla firm.

Z zasad wymyślonych w Estonii w krajowych przepisach niewiele zostało.
Polscy przedsiębiorcy nie chcą estońskiego CIT w krajowym wydaniu. Zamiast zapowiadanych 200 tys. firm z estońskiego CIT-u zdecydowało się dotąd skorzystać ok. 330 podmiotów – według Newseria Biznes.
Eksperci oceniają, że nowa formuła opodatkowania, jaka weszła w życie 1 stycznia br., nie jest wcale tak prosta i korzystna jak jej pierwowzór z nadbałtyckiej republiki.
„Wyjaśnienia do estońskiego CIT-u w Polsce są bardziej obszerne niż w Estonii cała ustawa o podatku dochodowym od osób prawnych” – mówi Artur Kuczmowski, senior partner w kancelarii Thompson & Stein, członek zarządu Polsko-Estońskiej Izby Gospodarczej.
W Polsce z prostego rozwiązania w Estonii została tylko nazwa
„Cały proces legislacyjny spowodował, że z estońskiego CIT-u w Polsce oprócz przymiotnika „estoński” tak naprawdę nic nie zostało” – twierdzi Artur Kuczmowski.
Estoński system opodatkowania zakłada, że spółki nie płacą podatku od bieżących dochodów, a danina jest uiszczana dopiero przy wypłacie dywidendy wspólnikom. Nie ma żadnych dodatkowych obostrzeń. Takie rozwiązanie zachęca do reinwestowania zysków i minimalizuje formalności podatkowe.
Bariery i restrykcje
Tzw. estoński CIT, jaki wprowadzono w Polsce, zawiera bariery wejścia i restrykcyjne wymogi, które trzeba spełnić, żeby z niego skorzystać.
Jest skierowany do ograniczonej grupy podmiotów. Mogą z niego skorzystać mikro-, małe i średnie spółki kapitałowe (z o.o. i akcyjne), których przychody brutto nie przekraczają 100 mln zł i w których udziałowcami są wyłącznie osoby fizyczne.
Ponadto nie mogą one posiadać udziałów w innych podmiotach, muszą wykazywać nakłady inwestycyjne, zatrudniać co najmniej trzy osoby (z wyłączeniem udziałowców), a ich przychody pasywne nie mogą przewyższać przychodów z działalności operacyjnej. Wszystkie te kryteria muszą być spełnione jednocześnie.
Jak podała „Rzeczpospolita”, do tej pory na to rozwiązanie zdecydowało się 337 firm.
Więcej kłopotów niż korzyści dla firm
Eksperci firmy Crido również wskazują na kilka czynników porażki estońskiego CIT-u w Polsce. Jednym z nich jest brak elastyczności, ponieważ spółka jest zobowiązana do kontynuowania tej formy opodatkowania przez co najmniej 4 lata (z wyjątkiem początkowego okresu 2021–2024, kiedy co roku może zrezygnować z ryczałtu).
W trakcie tego okresu niemożliwe jest przeprowadzanie restrukturyzacji, takich jak połączenia, podziały i niektóre aporty (z nielicznymi wyjątkami). Ponadto, przystępując do estońskiego CIT-u, spółka traci prawo do rozliczenia niewykorzystanej straty na standardowych zasadach oraz możliwość korzystania z innych mechanizmów, w tym np. ulgi B+R, IP Box, 9-proc. CIT czy ulgi na złe długi.
Polski Ład zapowiada zmiany w CIT
W ramach Polskiego Ładu zapowiedziano zmiany w CIT, w tym umożliwiające poszerzenie grona przedsiębiorców uprawnionych do „estońskiego” CIT.
Eksperci podkreślają, że konieczne jest uproszczenie systemu podatkowego. Mówi się już jednak o tym tak długo, że stało się to już dawno wołaniem na puszczy
„W Polsce wyjaśnienie matrycy uproszczonego VAT-u jest dłuższe niż cała estońska ustawa o Vacie” – zauważa senior partner w kancelarii Thompson & Stein.
„Od Estończyków możemy się nauczyć, że system podatkowy powinien być prosty, przejrzysty i czytelny. W Estonii istnieją trzy dwudziestki: 20 proc. podatku dochodowego płaci Estończyk od swojego osobistego dochodu, 20 proc. płaci firma i 20 proc. wynosi podstawowa stawka VAT. Nie ma progresywnych systemów, nie ma ulg, nie ma systemu preferencji podatkowych – to jest niepotrzebne. System jest przejrzysty i prosty, a dzięki temu można jednocześnie zdecydowanie odchudzić administrację. Tylko trzeba sobie zadać pytanie, czy faktycznie odchudzenie administracji w dłuższej perspektywie leży w interesie tych, którzy o tym decydują” – podsumowuje Artur Kuczmowski.
Źródło: Newseria Biznes
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Polski Ład jak nowy. Będą zmiany w CIT
Rząd wycofuje się z niektórych przepisów dotyczących CIT wprowadzonych Polskim Ładem.
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Polski Ład: zmieni się podatek minimalny
Po wycofaniu się ze zmian Polskiego Ładu w PIT, nowe rozwiązania obejmą również CIT.