Klauzula obejścia prawa podatkowego może uderzyć w małe firmy
Niejasna definicja, za niski próg korzyści, działanie prawa wstecz, brak mechanizmów chroniących uczciwe podmioty - wprowadzenie klauzuli obejścia prawa podatkowego może wyrządzić przedsiębiorcom wiele szkód – ostrzega konfederacja Lewiatan.

Organizacja przedsiębiorców uważa, że klauzula stosowana w sposób nieograniczony może być niebezpieczna dla podatników. Dlatego istotne jest wprowadzenie mechanizmów gwarantujących, że nie będzie ona stosowana wobec przedsiębiorstw działających zgodnie z prawem. Są to zdaniem Lewiatana: zasada, że to skarbówka ma dowieść, iż podatnik obchodził prawo podatkowe, dwuinstancyjność postępowania oraz określenie progu korzyści, poniżej którego nie można stosować klauzuli wobec małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw.
Konfederacja krytykuje niejasną definicję obejścia prawa podatkowego (znalazła się w projekcie zmian w Ordynacji podatkowej), co może skończyć się tym, że organy podatkowe będą się nią posługiwać wedle własnego uznania.
Otóż zgodnie z propozycją ministerstwa finansów klauzula będzie stosowana, jeżeli czynność przedsiębiorcy dokonana przede wszystkim w celu osiągnięcia korzyści podatkowej, jest sprzeczna z celem ustawy podatkowej, a sposób działania był sztuczny.
„Proponowane brzmienie klauzuli oznacza, że jeżeli podatnik ma do zrealizowania określone cele ekonomiczne, istnieje kilka sposobów, aby je zrealizować i powodują one różne skutki podatkowe, to wybór najbardziej korzystnego podatkowo sposobu grozić będzie zastosowaniem wobec niego klauzuli” – zauważa Rafał Iniewski, wiceprzewodniczący rady podatkowej konfederacji Lewiatan.
Próg groźny dla małych firm
Zastrzeżenia budzi także wysokość progu „korzyści podatkowej’ (tj. oszczędności na podatkach, osiągniętych z „obejściem prawa”). Po jego przekroczeniu organy skarbowe będą mogły stosować wobec przedsiębiorców sankcje związane z klauzulą. Proponowany przez resort finansów próg 100 tys. zł rocznie oznacza zdaniem Lewiatana objęcie nowymi przepisami małych podatników.
Szef rady podatkowej konfederacji przekonuje, że samo istnienie takiej regulacji istotnie podnosi ryzyko prowadzenia działalności. Drobny przedsiębiorca wiedząc, że każda jego transakcja może podlegać ocenie skarbówki z punktu widzenia „obejścia prawa” podatkowego, w praktyce będzie musiał ponieść dodatkowe koszty, choćby po to, aby sprawdzać transakcje pod względem nowych kryteriów.
Swego rodzaju „bezpiecznikiem”, który ma zadbać o obiektywizm decyzji skarbówki, ma być 7-osobowa rada ds. unikania opodatkowania. W ocenie Lewiatana to dobry pomysł pod warunkiem, że skład rady nie będzie zdominowany przez przedstawicieli Ministra Finansów. Według aktualnej koncepcji ma ich być 3 oraz po jednym przedstawicielu Ministra Sprawiedliwości, Komisji Wspólnej Rządu i Samorządu Terytorialnego, Krajowej Izby Doradców Podatkowych oraz Rady Dialogu Społecznego.
Lewiatan krytykuje wysokość opłaty za wydanie przez organ skarbowy opinii zabezpieczającej (20 tys. zł), która ma wyjaśnić podatnikowi, czy stosowane przez niego rozwiązania są czy też nie są „obejściem prawa”. Zdaniem konfederacji taka cena spowoduje, że dla wielu firm opinia będzie w praktyce niedostępna. Co gorsza czas 6 miesięcy na jej wydanie nijak ma się do tempa życia gospodarczego.
Organizacja uważa także za niedopuszczalne, by klauzula była stosowana do transakcji podjętych przed jej wejściem w życie i zaczęła obowiązywać w trakcie 2016 r. Innymi słowy to pozwolenie na działanie prawa wstecz.
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W specustawie dotyczącej pomocy Ukraińcom są niepokojące zapisy dotyczące przedsiębiorców - zauważa organizacja.
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